{"id":23262,"date":"2026-04-09T19:57:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T14:27:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/?p=23262"},"modified":"2026-04-09T19:57:51","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T14:27:51","slug":"indus-valley-civilization-ugc-net","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-ugc-net\/","title":{"rendered":"Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan): Origin, Sites, Society &#038; Religion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest advanced civilizations in the world. Spanning thousands of years, it laid the foundation for urbanization, trade, and craftsmanship.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23263\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Indus-Valley-Civilization-300x199.png\" alt=\"Indus Valley Civilization\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Indus-Valley-Civilization-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Indus-Valley-Civilization.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization Origin and Discovery\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Indus Valley Civilization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> represents the earliest known urban culture of northwestern India, emerging around 3300 BCE and lasting until roughly 1300 BCE.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0It ranks among the world\u2019s first great civilizations, alongside Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. Fertile soil, a favorable climate, and rivers like the Indus shaped its growth, supporting agriculture, trade, and dense settlements.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key sites such as <\/span><b>Harappa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Mohenjo-Daro<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reveal planned cities, advanced drainage, and uniform architecture, while later discoveries at <\/span><b>Kalibangan, Lothal, and Rakhigarhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> confirm the civilization\u2019s widespread influence.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/ugc-net-coaching-in-jaipur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enroll UGC NET Coaching in Jaipur<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Mohenjo-Daro <\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23264\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mohenjo-Daro-300x189.png\" alt=\"Mohenjo-Daro\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mohenjo-Daro-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mohenjo-Daro.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/b> <b>\u00a0 Kalibangan <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23265\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Kalibangan-214x300.png\" alt=\"Kalibangan\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Kalibangan-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Kalibangan.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Lothal \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lothal-300x166.png\" alt=\"Lothal\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lothal-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lothal.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> \u00a0 \u00a0 Rakhigarhi <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-23267\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Rakhigarhi.png\" alt=\"Rakhigarhi\u00a0\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harappa, excavated first, gives its name to the broader <\/span><b>Harappan culture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, highlighting its pioneering role in urban development.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Read More Notes On Archaeological Sources UGC NET<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/meaning-of-historical-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meaning of Historical Sources<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/archaeological-sources-for-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological Sources for UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/exploration-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exploration in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/excavation-techniques-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excavation Techniques in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/epigraphy-study-of-inscriptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epigraphy: Study of Inscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/inscriptions-in-reconstructing-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inscriptions in Reconstructing History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/numismatics-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numismatics in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/importance-of-coins-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Importance of Coins in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-of-archaeological-sites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating of Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><b>Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Origin:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Emerged along the <\/span><b>Indus River basin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, evolving from agricultural villages to advanced urban settlements.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Alternate Name:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Also known as the <\/span><b>Indus-Sarasvati Civilization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to its spread along the Ghaggar-Hakra river system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Major Sites:<\/b> <b>Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Lothal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Discovery:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Harappa was first<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> identified by Charles Masson.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excavations led by <\/span><b>Daya Ram Sahni (Harappa, 1920)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Rakhaldas Banerjee (Mohenjo-Daro, 1921)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Official announcement of IVC by <\/span><b>John Marshall in 1924<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Geographical Factors:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fertile plains with rich alluvial soil from Indus floods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moderate climate supported agriculture, settlement, and craft development.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chronology:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civilization lasted <\/span><b>3300 BCE \u2013 1300 BCE<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Divided into <\/span><b>Early Harappan, Mature Harappan, and Late Harappan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> phases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural Features:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Planned cities, sophisticated drainage, uniform architecture, trade networks, and craft specialization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/ugc-net-coaching-in-jaipur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enroll UGC NET Offline Coaching in Jaipur<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET Extent\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappan Civilization was vast, covering over <\/span><b>1,200,000 square kilometers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Its territory stretched across <\/span><b>modern-day Pakistan, northwest India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and parts of <\/span><b>Afghanistan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Iran<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Geographic Boundaries:<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>West:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sutkagen Dor (Balochistan, Pakistan)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>East:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh, India)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>North:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Manda (Jammu, India)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>South:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Daimabad (Maharashtra, India)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This immense area included fertile plains, river valleys, and coastal regions, allowing the Harappans to thrive through agriculture, trade, and resource exploitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Direction<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Site<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Modern Location<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">West<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sutkagen Dor<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balochistan, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">East<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alamgirpur<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uttar Pradesh, India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manda<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu, India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">South<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daimabad<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maharashtra, India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Harappan Civilization Valley UGC NET Major Sites\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological excavations have uncovered over <\/span><b>1,400 sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, providing incredible insights into the Harappan way of life. Below are some key sites and their standout features:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Site Name<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Features<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harappa<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Punjab, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advanced urban planning, granaries, and clay seals.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mohenjo-<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daro<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sindh, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Great Bath, drainage systems, and multi-story houses.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rakhigarhi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haryana, India<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Largest Harappan site; evidence of town planning.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dholavira<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gujarat, India<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sophisticated water management with reservoirs.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lothal<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gujarat, India<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dockyard and maritime trade connections.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalibangan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rajasthan, India<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fire altars and early agricultural practices.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alamgirpur<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uttar Pradesh, India<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evidence of cotton production and trade links.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Each site contributed uniquely to our understanding of the civilization\u2019s social, economic, and technological advancements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23269\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mature-Phase-300x244.png\" alt=\"Mature Phase \" width=\"300\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mature-Phase-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Mature-Phase.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enroll UGC NET Online Coaching<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Harappan Civilization Valley UGC NET Settlement Patterns\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harappan Civilization featured well-planned settlements with grid layouts, fortified citadels, and organized residential areas, reflecting advanced urban planning and social organization in the Indus Valley<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Neatly Planned Cities<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harappan cities were meticulously planned and showcased impressive urbanization. The cities were built on a <\/span><b>grid pattern<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with streets intersecting at right angles. Houses, made of baked bricks, often had courtyards and private wells.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Public Infrastructure<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Drainage Systems:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Almost every house had a drainage system connected to a larger, city-wide network. This highlights their emphasis on hygiene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Granaries:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Large granaries stored surplus food, reflecting advanced agricultural practices and centralized planning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The Great Bath:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Found in Mohenjo-Daro, it is believed to have been used for ritual bathing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Feature<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Description<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Significance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Drainage Systems<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost every house had a private drainage system connected to a city-wide network.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Drainage-Systems-1-210x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"210\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Drainage-Systems-1-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Drainage-Systems-1.png 358w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 210px) 100vw, 210px\" \/><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shows advanced urban planning and concern for hygiene.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Granaries<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large storage structures for surplus food.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23271\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Granaries-300x199.png\" alt=\"Granaries\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Granaries-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Granaries.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reflects advanced agriculture and centralized planning.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>The Great Bath<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large water tank at Mohenjo-Daro, likely used for ritual bathing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23272\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/The-Great-Bath-300x200.png\" alt=\"The Great Bath \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/The-Great-Bath-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/The-Great-Bath.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indicates cultural and religious practices.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enroll UGC NET Online Course<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Strategic Locations<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappans established settlements near <\/span><b>rivers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which provided water for agriculture, transportation, and trade. Major rivers like the <\/span><b>Indus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Ghaggar-Hakra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>Saraswati<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> played a crucial role in their prosperity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23273\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Strategic-Locations-241x300.png\" alt=\"Strategic Locations \" width=\"241\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Strategic-Locations-241x300.png 241w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Strategic-Locations.png 412w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Urban Feature<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Purpose<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grid Layout<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organized housing and streets<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drainage System<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wastewater management<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Granaries<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Food storage for surplus agriculture<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Great Bath<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ritual and religious activities<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Harappan Civilization Valley UGC NET Craft Specialization\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappans were skilled craftsmen, excelling in various fields. Their craft specialization reflects a sophisticated economy and a flourishing trade network.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Pottery<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harappan pottery was both <\/span><b>functional<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>decorative<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They made black-and-red ware, often painted with intricate designs. Pottery was used for storing grains, water, and even as trade items.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Metallurgy<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappans used <\/span><b>bronze<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a mix of copper and tin, to make tools, weapons, and ornaments. Copper was sourced from sites like <\/span><b>Khetri (Rajasthan)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Baluchistan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Bead Making<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harappans were renowned for their <\/span><b>beads<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, crafted from semi-precious stones like <\/span><b>carnelian, agate, and lapis lazuli<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These beads were exported to distant regions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23274\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Bead-Making-200x300.png\" alt=\"Bead Making\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Bead-Making-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Bead-Making.png 341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><b>Textiles<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The civilization produced <\/span><b>cotton textiles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and some Harappan seals depict workers involved in textile production. India\u2019s ancient cotton trade likely began during this time.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Craft<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Material Used<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Purpose\/Usage<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pottery<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clay<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage and trade<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metallurgy<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copper, bronze<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tools, ornaments, and weapons<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bead Making<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carnelian, agate, lapis lazuli<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jewelry and trade items<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Textiles<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cotton<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clothing and export<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Why is Indus\/Harappan Civilization Important for UGC NET?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus\/Harappan Civilization is important for UGC NET as it marks the earliest urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, showcasing advanced settlements, trade, and craft specialization. Studying it helps understand ancient social, economic, and technological developments.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Urban Planning:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Harappans were pioneers in creating well-planned cities, influencing later civilizations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Craftsmanship:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Their expertise in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles highlights their advanced skills.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Trade Networks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Harappan trade extended to Mesopotamia and beyond, proving their economic reach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural Insights:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Artifacts like seals and pottery provide a glimpse into their religious and cultural practices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legacy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Harappan Civilization laid the foundation for future societies in South Asia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET Religion, Society, and Political Organization<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also called the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest urban societies, flourishing around 3300\u20131300 BCE in South Asia. Despite its advanced culture, much about its religion, society, and politics remains mysterious due to limited evidence. Let\u2019s dive into its key features in simple terms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Religion in the Indus Civilization UGC NET<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding the religion of the Indus people is challenging because the script they used is undeciphered. However, archaeologists have found clues that give us a glimpse into their beliefs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Worship of a Mother Goddess<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappans likely worshipped a Mother Goddess, symbolizing fertility. Numerous terracotta figurines of women, often seen with exaggerated features like wide hips, suggest reverence for female deities connected to childbirth and growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nature and Animal Worship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The people seemed to respect animals and nature. Seals depicting bulls, elephants, and other animals show their importance in religious or cultural rituals. A horned figure seen on some seals is thought to be an early representation of a male deity, possibly linked to later Hindu beliefs about Lord Shiva.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>No Temples, Just Ritual Spaces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike other civilizations like Mesopotamia or Egypt, the Harappans did not build grand temples. The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro, often associated with ritual bathing, may have been a place for religious practices. Houses had private bathing areas, hinting that cleanliness might have had spiritual importance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Symbols and Rituals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The swastika symbol, commonly seen on seals, later became a significant icon in Indian religions. Their belief system may have included early ideas about fertility, purity, and renewal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET Society of the Harappans\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The social structure of the Indus Valley people appeared organized but relatively simple compared to other ancient cultures. Here\u2019s what we know:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Well-Planned Cities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were laid out in grids, with wide roads, public baths, and drainage systems. This suggests a strong sense of community and urban planning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Craftsmanship and Jobs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People in the Indus Valley were skilled artisans. They made beautiful pottery, beads, and textiles. Metal tools and jewelry show they were advanced in metallurgy. Craft specialization indicates that society was divided into groups based on jobs, but no evidence suggests rigid class divisions like in later times.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Trade and Commerce<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappans traded goods like beads, shells, and cloth with regions as far away as Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). This trade required excellent coordination, showing the presence of economic systems managed by the community.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET Political Organization of the Indus Civilization<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Harappan political system remains unclear because there are no written records. However, certain aspects hint at a governing structure:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Centralized Management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The uniformity in city layouts and construction suggests that a centralized authority or group of leaders planned and managed urban centers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Coordination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade networks and the large-scale storage of grains indicate some form of organized governance to manage resources and control trade routes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Absence of Kings or Palaces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike Egyptian pharaohs or Mesopotamian kings, the Harappans did not build palaces or monuments to rulers. This has led scholars to believe that their political system might have been community-based or run by local councils.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET Decline of the Indus Civilization<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By around 1300 BCE, the once-thriving Indus Valley Civilization began to collapse. Scholars have proposed several reasons for its decline. Let\u2019s explore these theories:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Environmental Changes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the main reasons for the decline could have been environmental shifts:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Monsoon Changes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduced rainfall likely caused agricultural problems. Farming would have become difficult, leading to food shortages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>River Drying<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ghaggar-Hakra River, believed to have been a lifeline for the Harappans, dried up or changed course. This would have severely affected irrigation and forced people to abandon cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Trade and Economic Problems\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Breakdown of Trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The collapse of long-distance trade with regions like Mesopotamia may have hurt the economy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Resource Depletion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overuse of natural resources, like wood or minerals, might have weakened the economy and disrupted daily life.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Social and Political Factors<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social Unrest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As resources become scarce, conflicts may have arisen within the community, causing instability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak Political Systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Without strong leadership or a governing body, the society might have fragmented.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Invasions or Conflicts: Limited Evidence UGC NET<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While earlier theories suggested invasions by groups like the Aryans, there is little solid evidence of widespread violence. Today, scholars believe invasions were not a major reason for the decline.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET Quick Comparison\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Indus Valley Civilization can be quickly compared by its Early, Mature, and Late Harappan phases, highlighting urban planning, trade, craft specialization, and settlement expansion.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aspect<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Features<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religion<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mother Goddess worship, animal\/nature veneration, no temples, ritual baths<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Society<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban planning, skilled artisans, trade networks<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Politics<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Centralized management, economic coordination, no kings or palaces<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decline Causes<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental changes, trade breakdown, social unrest, weak governance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus Valley Civilization remains an enigma in many ways, but it was undeniably one of the most advanced cultures of its time. Its focus on urban planning, trade, and communal living provides valuable insights into early human societies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indus Valley Civilization was a highly advanced and organized society that excelled in urban planning, trade, and craftsmanship. Despite its decline due to environmental, economic, and social challenges, its legacy continues to influence modern civilizations. The Harappans&#8217; emphasis on cleanliness, sustainable urbanization, and skilled craftsmanship makes them a remarkable example of early human ingenuity. For UGC NET aspirants, studying this civilization not only offers insights into history but also demonstrates the importance of adapting to changing circumstances for survival.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Indus Valley Civilization UGC NET FAQs<\/b><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-23278 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-23278{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-23278 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-23278{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-23278.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-23278.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-23278.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-23278.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-23278.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1775629978\">\n<div id=\"sp-ea-23278\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\">\n\n\t<div id=\"eap-preloader-23278\" class=\"accordion-preloader\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-232780\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse232780\" aria-controls=\"collapse232780\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What is the timeline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse232780\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-23278\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-232780\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The IVC lasted from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, thriving during 2600\u20131900 BCE, often referred to as its Mature Harappan Phase.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-232781\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse232781\" aria-controls=\"collapse232781\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What were the key features of Harappan urban planning?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse232781\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-23278\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-232781\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The cities were built on a grid system with straight roads, advanced drainage systems, public baths, and granaries for storing surplus food.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-232782\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse232782\" aria-controls=\"collapse232782\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What was the main reason for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse232782\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-23278\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-232782\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A combination of environmental changes (e.g., drying rivers, monsoon shifts), trade breakdown, and social instability contributed to its decline.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-232783\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse232783\" aria-controls=\"collapse232783\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What were the major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse232783\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-23278\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-232783\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Key sites include Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan), Rakhigarhi (India), Dholavira (India), Lothal (India), and Kalibangan (India).<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-232784\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse232784\" aria-controls=\"collapse232784\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How did the Indus people contribute to trade and craftsmanship?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse232784\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-23278\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-232784\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They were skilled in pottery, metallurgy, bead-making, and textiles. They traded goods like beads, cotton, and tools with regions as far as Mesopotamia.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{ \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the timeline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The IVC lasted from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, thriving during 2600\u20131900 BCE, often referred to as its Mature Harappan Phase.\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What were the key features of Harappan urban planning?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The cities were built on a grid system with straight roads, advanced drainage systems, public baths, and granaries for storing surplus food.\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the main reason for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A combination of environmental changes (e.g., drying rivers, monsoon shifts), trade breakdown, and social instability contributed to its decline.\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What were the major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Key sites include Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan), Rakhigarhi (India), Dholavira (India), Lothal (India), and Kalibangan (India).\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How did the Indus people contribute to trade and craftsmanship?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"They were skilled in pottery, metallurgy, bead-making, and textiles. They traded goods like beads, cotton, and tools with regions as far as Mesopotamia.\" } }] }<\/script><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the earliest advanced civilizations in the world. Spanning thousands of years, it laid the foundation for urbanization, trade, and craftsmanship. Indus Valley Civilization Origin and Discovery\u00a0 The Indus Valley Civilization represents the earliest known urban culture of northwestern India, emerging around [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":23279,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ugc-net","entry","has-media"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23262"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23305,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23262\/revisions\/23305"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}