{"id":24704,"date":"2026-04-28T20:06:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-28T14:36:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/?p=24704"},"modified":"2026-04-28T20:06:28","modified_gmt":"2026-04-28T14:36:28","slug":"kingdoms-in-deccan-indian-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/kingdoms-in-deccan-indian-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Kingdoms in Deccan: Satavahana, Vakataka Chalukyas, Rashtrakuta Kingdoms"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kingdoms in Deccan form one of the most fascinating chapters in Indian history. Spread across the vast plateau region between the Vindhya mountains in the north and the river Krishna Tungabhadra in the south, the Deccan gave rise to some of the most powerful and culturally rich kingdoms that South Asia has ever seen. These kingdoms were not isolated political entities. They shaped trade routes connecting northern India to the southern peninsula, patronized art and religion on a grand scale, and often served as a bridge between two very different cultural worlds: the Indo-Gangetic plains and the deep Tamil south.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net?utm_source=website_seo1&amp;utm_medium=blog1&amp;utm_campaign=study_planner1&amp;utm_id=seo_3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14802\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-300x75.webp\" alt=\"Study Planner\" width=\"860\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-300x75.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-1024x256.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-768x192.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-1536x384.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-2048x512.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>What is\u00a0 Deccan Region?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before understanding the kingdoms, it is important to know the geography. The word <\/span><b>&#8220;Deccan&#8221; comes from the Sanskrit word Dakshin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, meaning south.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deccan plateau is bounded by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>North:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Vindhya and Satpura ranges<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>East:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Eastern Ghats<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>West:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Western Ghats<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>South:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> River Krishna and Tungabhadra<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, Bhima, and Tungabhadra flow through this region and supported agriculture, settlement, and trade. The Deccan&#8217;s central position made it strategically vital\u00a0 whoever controlled the Deccan could influence both north and south India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Enroll UGC NET Online Coaching<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Major Kingdoms in Deccan Overview\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To understand the political history of the Deccan, it is important to look at the major kingdoms that dominated the region over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kingdom<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Period (Approx.)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Capital<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Notable Ruler<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satavahanas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1st century BCE \u2013 3rd century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pratishthana (Paithan)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gautamiputra Satakarni<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vakatakas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3rd \u2013 5th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nandivardhana, Vatsagulma<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pravarasena I, Rudrasena II<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalukyas of Badami<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6th \u2013 8th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vatapi (Badami)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pulakesi II<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rashtrakutas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8th \u2013 10th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manyakheta (Malkhed)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dantidurga, Amoghavarsha I<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalukyas of Kalyani<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10th \u2013 12th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalyani (Basavakalyan)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vikramaditya VI<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yadavas of Devagiri<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9th \u2013 14th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devagiri (Daulatabad)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Singhana, Ramachandra<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kakatiyas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12th \u2013 14th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warangal<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rudrama Devi, Prataparudra II<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hoysalas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11th \u2013 14th century CE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dwarasamudra (Halebidu)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vishnuvardhana, Ballala III<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Satavahana Kingdom\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satavahanas are widely regarded as the first historically documented ruling dynasty of the Deccan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They rose to prominence around the 1st century BCE, filling the political vacuum left after the Mauryan Empire&#8217;s decline.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their original homeland was the region of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, and they gradually expanded their control over large parts of central and southern India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient inscriptions, Puranic literature, and coins are the primary sources for Satavahana history.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Capital and Territory<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main capital of the Satavahanas was <\/span><b>Pratishthana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (modern Paithan in Maharashtra) on the banks of the Godavari river. They also controlled <\/span><b>Amaravati<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Dhanyakataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Andhra Pradesh, which served as important administrative and religious centers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At their peak, Satavahana territory stretched from the Arabian Sea coast in the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east, covering much of the Deccan plateau.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Simuka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Satakarni I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was one of the early powerful rulers who performed Vedic sacrifices like Ashwamedha, which showed royal ambition and political legitimacy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Gautamiputra Satakarni (c. 106\u2013130 CE)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was undoubtedly the greatest Satavahana ruler. He:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated the Western Kshatrapas (Sakas), especially Nahapana<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reunited territories that had been lost<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Called himself the destroyer of the pride of Kshatriyas<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His mother Gautami Balashri&#8217;s Nashik inscription provides detailed information about his achievements<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Vashishthiputra Pulumayi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> continued the expansion and is associated with the Amaravati school of art.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Yajna Sri Satakarni<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was the last great ruler, known for his maritime interests, as reflected by ship motifs on his coins.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Enroll UGC NET Online Course<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Political Structure<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satavahana state was a monarchy with a well-organized administrative system:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>King<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was the supreme authority, often described as a great warrior and performer of Vedic rituals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Amatyas (ministers)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> assisted in governance and policy-making<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Maharathis and Mahabhojas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were feudatory chiefs who administered regions under royal supervision<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gaulmika<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was an important military-administrative officer in charge of a gaulma (a unit of soldiers and their families settled in villages)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Villages were the basic administrative units, managed by local headmen called Gramika<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.govtjobs.alertapp&amp;utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=app_download\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14807\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-300x100.webp\" alt=\"App JRF Adda\" width=\"909\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-300x100.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-1024x341.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-768x256.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-900x300.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-620x207.webp 620w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-400x133.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 909px) 100vw, 909px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Economy<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satavahana economy was remarkably prosperous.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agriculture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was the backbone. The Godavari and Krishna river valleys produced surplus rice, cotton, and other crops.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was extensive and international. The Satavahanas controlled major trade routes\u00a0 both the northern land routes and the coastal sea routes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key exports included: cotton, muslin, spices, pearls, and ivory.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ports like <\/span><b>Sopara, Bharukacha (Bharuch), and Masulipatnam<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> handled enormous volumes of sea trade with the Roman Empire, Arabia, and Southeast Asia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roman historian Pliny complained that Rome was losing gold to India through this trade, which shows how active the Satavahana commercial network was.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Guilds (shrenis)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> played an important role in organizing trade and craft production. Merchants and craftsmen were well-respected in Satavahana society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Society<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satavahana society showed some unique features:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Metronymic naming<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 kings identified themselves through their mother&#8217;s name (e.g., Gautamiputra = son of Gautami). This shows the importance of women in lineage identification.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Society was broadly organized on Varna lines, but was flexible in practice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women of royal families were active and respected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inter-marriage between Satavahanas and Saka (Kshatrapa) families also occurred, showing social mixing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Religion<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satavahanas followed and patronized multiple religions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Brahmanical Hinduism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They performed Vedic rituals, horse sacrifices, and worshipped deities like Vishnu and Shiva.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Buddhism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They were great patrons of Buddhism. The magnificent <\/span><b>Amaravati Stupa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>Karle, Bhaja, and Nasik cave temples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were built or supported under their rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The society was broadly tolerant, with Brahmanical and Buddhist traditions coexisting peacefully.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/ugc-net-coaching-in-jaipur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Enroll UGC NET Coaching in Jaipur<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Art and Architecture<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satavahana period produced outstanding art:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Amaravati School of Art<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 famous for delicately carved limestone sculptures with dynamic compositions. Scenes from the Buddha&#8217;s life were depicted with great artistic sensitivity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rock-cut caves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Karle, Bhaja, Bedsa, and Nasik\u00a0 featuring elaborate facades, chaityas (prayer halls), and viharas (monasteries).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satavahana coins are art objects in themselves, depicting ships, elephants, and royal symbols.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Language and Literature<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satavahanas patronized <\/span><b>Prakrit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the official language. Most of their inscriptions are in Prakrit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a Satavahana king, compiled the famous <\/span><b>Gathasaptasati<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 an anthology of 700 love poems in Maharashtri Prakrit. This work remains a landmark in Indian literary history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanskrit also received some patronage, and the grammar text <\/span><b>Katanatantra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is associated with this period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Vakataka Kingdom<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Vakatakas rose to power in the 3rd century CE, at a time when the Satavahana kingdom was collapsing. They emerged as the dominant power in the Vidarbha region (eastern Maharashtra) and gradually extended their influence across central Deccan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Vakatakas are particularly important because they served as a crucial link between the Gupta Empire of the north and the Deccan kingdoms of the south.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Branches of the Vakatakas<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Vakataka kingdom eventually split into two main branches:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Main\/Nagpur Branch (Nandivardhana line):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Based in Vidarbha, this was the principal branch. It had close matrimonial ties with the Gupta dynasty\u00a0 Rudrasena II married Prabhavatigupta, daughter of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vatsagulma Branch:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Based in Washim (Maharashtra). This branch was more independent and had its own line of kings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vindhyashakti<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is regarded as the founder of the Vakataka dynasty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pravarasena I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was the most powerful early ruler. He performed four Ashwamedha sacrifices and took the title of Samrat, indicating supreme sovereignty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rudrasena II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> formed the famous alliance with the Guptas by marrying Prabhavatigupta. After his early death, Prabhavatigupta ruled as regent on behalf of her minor sons, making Vakataka territory virtually a Gupta protectorate for a period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pravarasena II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (son of Prabhavatigupta) was a notable ruler and also a poet; he wrote the Prakrit poem <\/span><b>Setubandha (Ravanavaho)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, describing Rama&#8217;s construction of the bridge to Lanka.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Harishena<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Vatsagulma branch was the king under whose patronage the later caves at <\/span><b>Ajanta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were excavated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Administration<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monarchy was the form of government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The kingdom was divided into rashtra (provinces) headed by rashtrapatis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Below that were vishaya (districts) administered by vishayapatis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Village administration was handled by local headmen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dual influence of Gupta administrative models and local Deccan traditions is visible in Vakataka governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Economy<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture in Vidarbha&#8217;s fertile plains was the primary economic base.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade continued along the established Deccan routes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crafts, especially weaving and metallurgy, contributed to economic prosperity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Religion and Culture<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Vakatakas were devoted <\/span><b>Shaivites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 Shiva worship was the predominant religious tradition, though they maintained religious tolerance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They also patronized Buddhism generously.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ajanta Caves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 The most enduring legacy of the Vakatakas. The famous Phase II paintings at Ajanta (caves 1, 2, 16, 17, 19, etc.) were executed under Vakataka patronage, especially under Harishena. These paintings are among the finest examples of ancient Indian art and are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The paintings depict Jataka stories, scenes from the Buddha&#8217;s life, court scenes, and nature\u00a0 executed with extraordinary skill and emotional depth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Chalukyas of Badami (Early Western Chalukyas)<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chalukyas of Badami (also called Early Western Chalukyas or Chalukyas of Vatapi) established one of the most powerful kingdoms in the Deccan during the 6th to 8th centuries CE.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They rose to prominence under <\/span><b>Pulakesi I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who established his capital at <\/span><b>Vatapi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (modern Badami in Karnataka) around 543 CE.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their origins are debated\u00a0 some sources suggest they were local Deccan chiefs, while others trace connections to northern Kshatriya lineages. The Chalukyas themselves claimed descent from the Lunar dynasty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pulakesi I (543\u2013566 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Founder who established the kingdom and performed the Ashwamedha sacrifice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kirtivarman I (566\u2013597 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Son of Pulakesi I. Expanded the kingdom by defeating the Nalas, Mauryas of Konkan, and Kadambas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mangalesha (597\u2013609 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Brother of Kirtivarman I. He was a great patron of the famous <\/span><b>Badami cave temples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pulakesi II (609\u2013642 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The greatest Chalukya ruler. His achievements include:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated the powerful Gurjara-Pratiharas and Latas in the north<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stopped the southward advance of Harsha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Kannauj at the Battle of Narmada (c. 618\u2013619 CE)\u00a0 a landmark event in Indian history. The Chinese traveler <\/span><b>Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> visited India during this period and his accounts provide important information.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman I in the south<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Received an embassy from the Persian king Khusrau II\u00a0 confirming his international stature<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The famous <\/span><b>Aihole inscription<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by court poet Ravikirti describes his achievements<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vikramaditya I (655\u2013681 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Recovered the kingdom after Pulakesi II was killed by Pallava king Narasimhavarman I, who temporarily captured Vatapi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vikramaditya II (733\u2013745 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Led successful military campaigns against the Pallavas and captured Kanchipuram three times.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kirtivarman II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The last Chalukya ruler of Badami, overthrown by the Rashtrakuta chief Dantidurga around 753\u2013757 CE.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Administration<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The kingdom was divided into Maharashtra (large provinces) and smaller units.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feudatory chiefs called Mahashilanayakas and Mahashilanayikas (female chiefs) administered regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revenue was collected from agriculture, trade, and tribute.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The military was powerful\u00a0 infantry, cavalry, elephants, and a naval force were maintained.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Economy<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture in the Krishna and Malaprabha valleys supported the population.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade through western coastal ports like Bharukacha and Kalyan was active.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crafts like textiles and metalwork flourished.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Religion<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chalukyas followed <\/span><b>Brahmanical Hinduism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly Vaishnavism and Shaivism, but also patronized Jainism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They showed genuine religious tolerance\u00a0 Hindu temples, Jain temples, and Buddhist monuments were all built under their rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Art and Architecture\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chalukyas made landmark contributions to Indian architecture:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Badami Cave Temples (late 6th\u20137th century CE):<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four rock-cut cave temples at Badami\u00a0 three Hindu and one Jain<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cave 3 (dedicated to Vishnu) is the largest and most impressive, with magnificent sculptures of Vishnu in various forms<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Pattadakal Temples:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A group of temples showing both Nagara (north Indian) and Dravida (south Indian) styles<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (built by Queen Lokamahadevi after Vikramaditya II&#8217;s victory over the Pallavas) is a masterpiece now a UNESCO World Heritage Site<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Papanatha Temple<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows a fusion of both styles<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Aihole:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Called the &#8220;cradle of Indian temple architecture&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over 70 temples in various styles, representing early experiments in temple design<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Durga Temple at Aihole<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with its apsidal plan is particularly notable<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Chalukyan style<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> blended northern and southern elements into a distinctive regional architecture that later influenced the Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Rashtrakuta Kingdom<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rashtrakutas were the most powerful Deccan dynasty of the 8th to 10th centuries. They emerged as feudatories under the Chalukyas and overthrew them around 753 CE when <\/span><b>Dantidurga<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> defeated the last Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman II.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At their peak, the Rashtrakutas controlled territory from the Ganges in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, and from the Arabian Sea in the west to Cuttack in the east\u00a0 making them one of the largest empires of medieval India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arab geographers of the time referred to the Rashtrakuta king as one of the four great kings of the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Capital<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Manyakheta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (modern Malkhed in Karnataka) was the Rashtrakuta capital.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dantidurga (c. 735\u2013756 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Founder. Defeated the Chalukyas and established Rashtrakuta supremacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Krishna I (756\u2013773 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Built the famous <\/span><b>Kailasa Temple at Ellora<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 one of the greatest achievements of Indian rock-cut architecture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dhruva (780\u2013793 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Expanded the kingdom northward, defeating both the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Palas\u00a0 the first Rashtrakuta king to intervene decisively in the three-way struggle for Kanauj.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Govinda III (793\u2013814 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The most militarily successful ruler. Defeated all three major powers\u00a0 Pratiharas, Palas, and Pallavas\u00a0 and extended Rashtrakuta control across much of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Amoghavarsha I (814\u2013878 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> One of the most remarkable rulers in Indian history. He:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruled for an extraordinarily long period of 64 years<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Was a great patron of Kannada literature<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wrote <\/span><b>Kavirajamarga<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 the earliest surviving work of Kannada literary criticism<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Was devoted to Jainism<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Known as Nripatunga (ornament of kings)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arabic traveler Suleiman described him as one of the four great kings of the world<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Krishna III (939\u2013967 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The last great Rashtrakuta ruler. He defeated the Chola king Parantaka I at the Battle of Takkolam and extended Rashtrakuta power to the far south.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Administration<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rashtrakuta administrative system was well-organized:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kingdom was divided into rashtra (provinces), vishaya (districts), and bhukti (sub-districts)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rashtrapatis headed provinces; Vishayapatis headed districts<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Feudatory chiefs (Samantas) administered peripheral regions and paid tribute<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revenue was collected from land tax, trade duties, and tribute<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A strong military with all four traditional divisions was maintained<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Economy<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture in the Deccan plateau, especially the Godavari and Krishna valleys, was productive.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade with Arab merchants was extensive\u00a0 Arab traders frequented ports on the Konkan and Malabar coasts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Horse trade with Arab merchants was particularly significant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guilds of merchants (Vanigas) and craftsmen organized commerce.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Religion<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rashtrakutas showed remarkable religious tolerance:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Jainism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was particularly favored\u00a0 Amoghavarsha I was a Jain devotee and is said to have abdicated for spiritual reasons before returning to rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Shaivism and Vaishnavism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were also patronized.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Islam<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 Arab Muslim traders were allowed to build mosques and practice freely, showing notable pluralism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Art and Architecture\u00a0 Ellora<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The greatest achievement of the Rashtrakutas in art and architecture is the <\/span><b>Kailasa Temple at Ellora (Cave 16)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Built by Krishna I in the 8th century CE, the Kailasa Temple is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carved entirely out of a single rock\u00a0 a monolithic structure cut from top to bottom<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dedicated to Shiva<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Represents Mount Kailash\u00a0 the abode of Shiva<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Larger than the Parthenon in Athens<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decorated with magnificent sculptural panels depicting scenes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This temple remains one of the greatest architectural achievements in human history.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ellora complex as a whole\u00a0 with its Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain caves\u00a0 represents the pluralistic spirit of the era.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Elephanta Caves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (near Mumbai) are also associated with Rashtrakuta-period Shaiva art\u00a0 the three-headed Sadashiva (Maheshmurti) sculpture is one of the finest in Indian art.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Literature<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rashtrakuta period saw the emergence of <\/span><b>Kannada literature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a major literary tradition:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kavirajamarga<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Amoghavarsha I\u00a0 earliest surviving Kannada literary work<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Adipurana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Mahapurana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Pampa and Ponna\u00a0 great Kannada Jain literary works<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vikramarjuna Vijaya (Pampa Bharata)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Adikavi Pampa\u00a0 a masterpiece of Kannada poetry<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanskrit literature also flourished<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/ugc-net-coaching-in-jaipur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Enroll UGC NET Offline Coaching in Jaipur<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Later Western Chalukyas\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the Rashtrakutas declined in the late 10th century, the <\/span><b>Chalukyas of Kalyani<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (also called Later Western Chalukyas or Tailapa&#8217;s Chalukyas) revived Chalukya power in the Deccan.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tailapa II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (973\u2013997 CE) overthrew the last Rashtrakuta ruler Indra IV and established the new Chalukya kingdom with its capital at <\/span><b>Kalyani<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (present-day Basavakalyan in Karnataka).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Tailapa II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Founder. Defeated the Rashtrakutas and established control over the Deccan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Someshvara I (1042\u20131068 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Extended Chalukya power. He composed the encyclopedic Sanskrit text <\/span><b>Manasollasa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (also called Abhilashitarthachintamani)\u00a0 a remarkable work covering topics from kingship, cooking, music, and games to governance and medicine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Vikramaditya VI (1076\u20131126 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The greatest ruler of this dynasty. He:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Started a new calendar era called <\/span><b>Vikrama Chalukya Era<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patronized the scholar <\/span><b>Bilhana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who wrote the Sanskrit poem <\/span><b>Vikramankadevacharita<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in his praise<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patronized <\/span><b>Vijnaneshwara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who wrote <\/span><b>Mitakshara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 one of the most important texts on Hindu law, still used as legal authority today<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His reign is considered a golden age of the Later Chalukyas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Someshvara IV:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The last ruler, defeated by the Yadavas and Hoysalas in the early 13th century.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Art and Architecture<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Later Chalukyas developed a distinctive architectural style called <\/span><b>Kalyani Chalukyan style<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>Karnataka Dravida style<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temples with intricate horizontal moldings called sukhanasi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Star-shaped (stellate) ground plans<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rich sculptural decoration<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Notable temples at Lakkundi, Ittagi (Mahadeva Temple called the &#8220;Emperor among temples&#8221;), and Dambal<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flipkart.com\/ugc-net-general-paper-1-hand-written-book-jrfadda-notes-aditi-ma-m\/p\/itm494f814128b46\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14809\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-300x100.webp\" alt=\"JRF Adda Book\" width=\"864\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-300x100.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-1024x341.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-768x256.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-900x300.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-620x207.webp 620w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-400x133.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Yadavas of Devagiri<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Yadavas (also called Sevunas) rose from being feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani to become an independent power in the 12th century. Their capital was <\/span><b>Devagiri<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (modern Daulatabad in Maharashtra).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bhillama V<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> declared independence from the Chalukyas around 1187 CE and is regarded as the effective founder of the independent Yadava kingdom.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Singhana (1210\u20131246 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The greatest Yadava ruler. He expanded the kingdom significantly and was known as Singhana the Great.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hemadri<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (also called Hemadpant): A famous minister under later Yadava kings. He wrote the encyclopedic text <\/span><b>Chaturvarga Chintamani<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and is credited with developing a distinctive architectural style using black stone without mortar (Hemadpanthi style).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ramachandra (1271\u20131309 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The last significant ruler. He patronized the saint-poet <\/span><b>Dnyaneshwar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who wrote the <\/span><b>Dnyaneshwari<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 a celebrated Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mahadeva:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> During his reign, the great Marathi saint-poet <\/span><b>Namdev<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> began his literary activity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Decline<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Yadava kingdom came to an end when <\/span><b>Alauddin Khalji&#8217;s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> general <\/span><b>Malik Kafur<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> raided Devagiri repeatedly between 1296 and 1318 CE. The last Yadava king Ramachandra surrendered and eventually the kingdom was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Cultural Contribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Yadava period was the golden age of <\/span><b>Marathi language and literature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saint-poets like <\/span><b>Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, and Eknath<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> flourished during or just after this period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Varkari movement, a devotional<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bhakti movement centered on the worship of Vitthal (Vithoba) at Pandharpur\u00a0 gained immense momentum.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Kakatiyas of Warangal<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kakatiyas were a Telugu dynasty that rose to prominence in the 12th century in what is today Telangana. They began as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and became independent in the 12th century.Their capital was <\/span><b>Warangal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (also called Orugallu), which they transformed into a magnificent city.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prola II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is credited with asserting Kakatiya independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rudradeva (c. 1158\u20131195 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> First major independent ruler. Built the famous <\/span><b>Thousand Pillar Temple at Warangal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ganapati Deva (1199\u20131262 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The greatest Kakatiya ruler. He expanded the kingdom to cover almost the entire Telugu-speaking region, built an efficient administrative system, and was a great patron of Telugu literature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rudrama Devi (c. 1262\u20131289 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> One of the very few women rulers in medieval Indian history. She assumed male titles and led military campaigns successfully. Marco Polo, who visited the region, mentioned her favorably.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prataparudra II (1289\u20131323 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The last Kakatiya ruler. Despite fighting valiantly, he could not stop the Delhi Sultanate&#8217;s invasions. He was eventually captured by Malik Kafur and then by Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq), and the Kakatiya kingdom was annexed in 1323 CE.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Administration<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The kingdom was organized into nayakships\u00a0 military-administrative units controlled by nayakas (chiefs)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Land revenue was systematically collected<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade through the eastern ports was actively promoted<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Economy<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kakatiyas built an extensive irrigation network of thousands<\/span><b> of tanks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (reservoirs) across Telangana. This engineering achievement transformed the region into a productive agricultural zone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warangal was a major center of trade, especially for cotton textiles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diamond mining at <\/span><b>Golconda<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (though more famous later) began gaining importance during this period.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Art and Architecture<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kakatiyas developed a distinctive architectural style characterized by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Star-shaped temples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with elaborate carvings<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kakatiya Toranas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 magnificent decorative gateways<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Thousand Pillar Temple (Rudreshwara Temple)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Hanamkonda\u00a0 a stunning example of Kakatiya architecture<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Ramappa Temple<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Ramappa Lake area)\u00a0 recently inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its floating bricks and extraordinary sculptural details<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Literature<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kakatiya period was a golden age of <\/span><b>Telugu literature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tikkana Somayaji<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 second of the three great translators of the Mahabharata into Telugu, patronized by Ganapati Deva<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ketana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Marana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 other important Telugu poets<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Hoysala Kingdom<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Hoysalas were a Kannada-speaking dynasty who rose from the foothills of the Western Ghats to become a major power in the southern Deccan between the 11th and 14th centuries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their capital was <\/span><b>Dwarasamudra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (modern Halebidu in Karnataka).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Important Rulers<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Vishnuvardhana (c. 1108\u20131152 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The most important early ruler. He:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated the Cholas and expanded Hoysala territory into Tamil Nadu<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Was originally a Jain but converted to Vaishnavism under the influence of the philosopher-saint <\/span><b>Ramanujacharya<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Built the famous <\/span><b>Belur Chennakesava Temple<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to celebrate his victory over the Cholas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Veera Ballala II (1173\u20131220 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Expanded the kingdom further, making Hoysalas one of the strongest powers in the south.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Veera Ballala III (c. 1292\u20131342 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The last great Hoysala ruler. He bravely resisted Malik Kafur&#8217;s raids but could not prevent eventual defeat. He died fighting against the Madurai Sultanate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Art and Architecture\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Hoysalas made perhaps the most distinctive contribution to Indian temple architecture. The <\/span><b>Hoysala style<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is immediately recognizable:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Star-shaped (stellate) ground plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 temples are built on star-shaped platforms<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chloritic schite (soft soapstone)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 the material used, which allowed for incredibly intricate carving<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Horizontal band decoration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 temples covered from base to top with rows of carved animals, plants, scrolls, and divine figures<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unique tower (shikhara)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> design\u00a0 called the turreted tower, with multiple smaller towers clustered together<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Key Hoysala Temples:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Belur Chennakesava Temple (1117 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Built by Vishnuvardhana. Known for extraordinarily detailed bracket figures (Salabhanjika) and decorative panels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Halebidu (Dwarasamudra) Hoysaleshwara Temple (12th century CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The finest example of Hoysala art. Despite never having a completed tower, it is covered with thousands of sculptural figures\u00a0 possibly the most densely sculpted temple in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Somanathapura Kesava Temple (1268 CE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A perfectly preserved, smaller but complete Hoysala temple\u00a0 often called the jewel of Hoysala architecture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Comparative Overview Key Themes Across Deccan Kingdoms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All Deccan kingdoms benefited from their strategic position on trade routes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">East-west routes crossing the Deccan plateau connected the Coromandel Coast with the Konkan\/Malabar Coast<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North-south routes connected the Gangetic plains with the Tamil south<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maritime trade through western ports (Bharukacha, Kalyan, Sopara) and eastern ports (Masulipatnam) was consistently important<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arab traders maintained active commercial links with the Deccan from the Rashtrakuta period onward<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Religion and Tolerance<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A defining feature of most Deccan kingdoms was religious tolerance:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Satavahanas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Supported both Brahmanical Hinduism and Buddhism<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vakatakas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Primarily Shaivite but patronized Buddhism (Ajanta)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chalukyas of Badami:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Patronized Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rashtrakutas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Patronized Jainism heavily but allowed all religions including Islam<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kakatiyas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Promoted Shaivism but allowed other faiths<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hoysalas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Transitioned from Jainism to Vaishnavism but built temples for multiple traditions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Women in Deccan History<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deccan produced notable examples of powerful women:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prabhavatigupta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Vakataka): Ruled as regent, effectively governing in the name of Gupta power<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Queen Lokamahadevi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Chalukya): Commissioned the Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rudrama Devi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Kakatiya): Ruled as a sovereign queen, led armies, and maintained the kingdom effectively<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Language and Literature<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deccan kingdoms played a crucial role in the development of regional languages:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Language<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Kingdom<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Works<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prakrit<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satavahanas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gathasaptasati<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kannada<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rashtrakutas, Later Chalukyas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kavirajamarga, Vikramankadevacharita<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Telugu<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kakatiyas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahabharata translation (Tikkana)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marathi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yadavas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dnyaneshwari (Dnyaneshwar)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanskrit<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All kingdoms<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manasollasa, Mitakshara<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Significance of Kingdoms in Deccan in Indian History<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kingdoms in Deccan were not just regional powers\u00a0 they were transformative forces in Indian civilization.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Political significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They prevented the complete domination of India by northern empires. Pulakesi II&#8217;s defeat of Harsha is a landmark example. The Deccan remained a zone of independent political creativity for over a millennium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> They kept trade routes open, promoted maritime commerce, built irrigation infrastructure, and contributed to agricultural development across the plateau.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Deccan was a zone of cultural synthesis. Northern traditions met southern ones. Sanskrit met Prakrit and regional languages. Brahmanical Hinduism coexisted with Buddhism, Jainism, and later Islam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Architectural significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> From the Ajanta caves to the Kailasa Temple, from Pattadakal to the Hoysala temples\u00a0 the Deccan produced some of the greatest architectural monuments in human history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Literary significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kannada, Telugu, and Marathi all developed as major literary languages during the Deccan kingdoms&#8217; period of influence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Kingdoms in Deccan<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Deccan region witnessed the emergence of important kingdoms that acted as a bridge between North and South India.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kingdom<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Contribution<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Notable Monument<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Important Ruler<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satavahanas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade, Amaravati art, Buddhism<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amaravati Stupa<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gautamiputra Satakarni<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vakatakas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ajanta paintings, Gupta link<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ajanta Caves<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harishena<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalukyas of Badami<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temple architecture synthesis<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pattadakal, Badami caves<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pulakesi II<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rashtrakutas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kailasa Temple, Kannada literature<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ellora Cave 16<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amoghavarsha I<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Chalukyas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Telugu\/Kannada patronage, law<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ittagi Temple<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vikramaditya VI<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yadavas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marathi literature, Bhakti<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Devagiri Fort<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Singhana<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kakatiyas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Telugu literature, irrigation tanks<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ramappa Temple<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rudrama Devi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hoysalas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hoysala temple style<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Halebidu, Belur<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vishnuvardhana<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The kingdoms of the Deccan, such as the Satavahanas, Chalukyas, and Rashtrakutas, played a vital role in Indian history by acting as a link between North and South India. These kingdoms not only established strong political systems but also encouraged trade, cultural exchange, and artistic development. Their contributions to administration, architecture, and religion left a lasting impact on the region. Overall, the history of the Deccan kingdoms reflects a rich blend of power, prosperity, and cultural growth that continued to influence later Indian dynasties.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 23px;\" colspan=\"4\"><b>Read UGC NET Notes<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/archaeological-sources-for-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological Sources for UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/epigraphy-study-of-inscriptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epigraphy \u2013 Study of Inscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/meaning-of-historical-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meaning of Historical Sources<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/meaning-of-historical-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meaning of Historical Sources<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/archaeological-sources-for-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological Sources for UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/literary-sources-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary Sources in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/exploration-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exploration in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/excavation-techniques-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excavation Techniques in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-of-archaeological-sites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating of Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/excavation-techniques-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excavation Techniques in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/exploration-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exploration in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-of-archaeological-sites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating of Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/epigraphy-study-of-inscriptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epigraphy \u2013 Study of Inscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/inscriptions-in-reconstructing-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inscriptions in Reconstructing History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/numismatics-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numismatics in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/inscriptions-in-reconstructing-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inscriptions in Reconstructing History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/epigraphy-study-of-inscriptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epigraphy \u2013 Study of Inscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/archaeological-sources-for-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological Sources for UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/numismatics-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numismatics in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/importance-of-coins-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Importance of Coins in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/epigraphy-study-of-inscriptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epigraphy \u2013 Study of Inscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/importance-of-coins-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Importance of Coins in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/numismatics-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Numismatics in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/archaeological-sources-for-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological Sources for UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-of-archaeological-sites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating of Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/excavation-techniques-in-archaeology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excavation Techniques in Archaeology<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-ancient-literary-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating Ancient Literary Sources<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indigenous-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Literature<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/literary-sources-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary Sources in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/secular-literature-as-historical-source\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secular Literature as Historical Source<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-ancient-literary-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating Ancient Literary Sources<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/literary-sources-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary Sources in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/dating-of-archaeological-sites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dating of Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/literary-sources-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary Sources in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indigenous-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Literature<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/foreign-accounts-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Accounts of India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/foreign-accounts-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Accounts of India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/greek-accounts-on-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek Accounts on Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chinese-accounts-on-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Accounts on India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/greek-accounts-on-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek Accounts on Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/foreign-accounts-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Accounts of India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chinese-accounts-on-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Accounts on India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/secular-literature-as-historical-source\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secular Literature as Historical Source<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/literary-sources-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary Sources in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indigenous-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Literature<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/role-of-myths-and-legends-in-historical-reconstruction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role of Myths and Legends in Historical Reconstruction<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/literary-sources-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary Sources in History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/secular-literature-as-historical-source\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secular Literature as Historical Source<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chinese-accounts-on-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Accounts on India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/foreign-accounts-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Accounts of India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/greek-accounts-on-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek Accounts on Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/arabic-accounts-on-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arabic Accounts on India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/foreign-accounts-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foreign Accounts of India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chinese-accounts-on-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Accounts on India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-and-chalcolithic-phases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phases<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-revolution-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Revolution in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chalcolithic-culture-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalcolithic Culture in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/hunting-gathering-food-production\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hunting, Gathering &amp; Food Production<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-revolution-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Revolution in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-settlements-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Settlements in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-revolution-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Revolution in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-settlements-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Settlements in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/tools-and-technology-in-neolithic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tools and Technology in Neolithic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">22<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-settlements-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Settlements in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/distribution-of-neolithic-cultures-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Distribution of Neolithic Cultures in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-revolution-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Revolution in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">23<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/distribution-of-neolithic-cultures-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Distribution of Neolithic Cultures in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-settlements-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Settlements in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/tools-and-technology-in-neolithic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tools and Technology in Neolithic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">24<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/tools-and-technology-in-neolithic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tools and Technology in Neolithic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-revolution-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic Revolution in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chalcolithic-culture-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalcolithic Culture in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chalcolithic-culture-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalcolithic Culture in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/settlement-pattern-and-economy-in-chalcolithic-phase\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Settlement Pattern &amp; Economy in Chalcolithic Phase<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/trade-and-exchange-networks-in-chalcolithic-societies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade &amp; Exchange Networks in Chalcolithic Societies<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">26<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/settlement-pattern-and-economy-in-chalcolithic-phase\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Settlement Pattern &amp; Economy \u2013 Chalcolithic Phase<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chalcolithic-culture-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalcolithic Culture in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/trade-and-exchange-networks-in-chalcolithic-societies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade &amp; Exchange Networks in Chalcolithic Societies<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">27<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/trade-and-exchange-networks-in-chalcolithic-societies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade &amp; Exchange Networks \u2013 Chalcolithic Societies<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/chalcolithic-culture-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalcolithic Culture in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-internal-external-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC Internal &amp; External Trade<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indus Valley Civilization \u2013 UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/major-sites-of-indus-civilization-list\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major Sites of Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/urban-planning-settlement-in-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">29<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-internal-external-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC Internal &amp; External Trade<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/internal-trade-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internal Trade \u2013 Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/craft-specialization-industrial-activities-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Craft Specialization in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/political-organization-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Organization \u2013 Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/social-structure-indus-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Structure \u2013 Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/urban-planning-settlement-in-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">31<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/major-sites-of-indus-civilization-list\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major Sites of Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indus Valley Civilization \u2013 UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/urban-planning-settlement-in-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/urban-planning-settlement-in-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Planning &amp; Settlement \u2013 Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/architecture-town-planning-harappan-cities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Architecture &amp; Town Planning \u2013 Harappan Cities<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-civilization-as-first-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC as First Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/architecture-town-planning-harappan-cities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Architecture &amp; Town Planning \u2013 Harappan Cities<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/urban-planning-settlement-in-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/major-sites-of-indus-civilization-list\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major Sites of Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/craft-specialization-industrial-activities-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Craft Specialization &amp; Industrial Activities \u2013 Harappan<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/agriculture-food-economy-harappans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture &amp; Food Economy \u2013 Harappans<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-internal-external-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC Internal &amp; External Trade<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/agriculture-food-economy-harappans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agriculture &amp; Food Economy \u2013 Harappans<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/craft-specialization-industrial-activities-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Craft Specialization in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/internal-trade-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internal Trade \u2013 Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/internal-trade-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internal Trade \u2013 Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-internal-external-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC Internal &amp; External Trade<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/craft-specialization-industrial-activities-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Craft Specialization in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">37<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/religion-beliefs-indus-in-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religion &amp; Beliefs \u2013 Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/social-structure-indus-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Structure \u2013 Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indus Valley Civilization \u2013 UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">38<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/social-structure-indus-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Structure \u2013 Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/political-organization-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Organization \u2013 Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/religion-beliefs-indus-in-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religion &amp; Beliefs \u2013 Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/decline-indus-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decline of Indus Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-valley-civilization-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indus Valley Civilization \u2013 UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-civilization-as-first-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC as First Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-civilization-as-first-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC as First Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/urban-planning-settlement-in-harappan-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/second-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/vedic-and-later-vedic-periods-aryan-varna-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic &amp; Later Vedic Periods \u2013 Aryan Varna System<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/early-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/later-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">42<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/origin-of-vedic-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Origin of Vedic Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/aryan-debate-migration-invasion-indigenous-theories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aryan Debate \u2013 Migration, Invasion &amp; Indigenous Theories<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/early-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">43<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/aryan-debate-migration-invasion-indigenous-theories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aryan Debate \u2013 Migration, Invasion &amp; Indigenous Theories<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/origin-of-vedic-civilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Origin of Vedic Civilization<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/early-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">44<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/early-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/political-institutions-early-vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Institutions \u2013 Early Vedic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/social-structure-early-vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Structure \u2013 Early Vedic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/political-institutions-early-vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Institutions \u2013 Early Vedic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/early-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/monarchical-states-in-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monarchical States in Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">46<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/social-structure-early-vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Structure \u2013 Early Vedic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-varnas-and-social-stratification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Varnas &amp; Social Stratification<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/early-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">47<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/later-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-varnas-and-social-stratification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Varnas &amp; Social Stratification<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/impact-of-iron-technology-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impact of Iron Technology in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">48<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-varnas-and-social-stratification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Varnas &amp; Social Stratification<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/social-structure-early-vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Structure \u2013 Early Vedic Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/later-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">49<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-heterodox-sects-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Heterodox Sects in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/jainism-buddhism-ajivikas-origins-teachings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jainism, Buddhism &amp; Ajivikas \u2013 Origins &amp; Teachings<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/later-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/impact-of-iron-technology-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impact of Iron Technology in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/later-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agricultural-expansion-economic-changes-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agricultural Expansion &amp; Economic Changes \u2013 Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">51<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/religious-philosophical-vedic-ideas-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religious &amp; Philosophical Vedic Ideas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-varnas-and-social-stratification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Varnas &amp; Social Stratification<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-heterodox-sects-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Heterodox Sects in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vedic<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">52<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/megalithic-culture-of-south-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Megalithic Culture of South India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/neolithic-and-chalcolithic-phases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phases<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agricultural-expansion-economic-changes-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agricultural Expansion &amp; Economic Changes<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">53<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/state-system-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State System in Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/transition-tribal-polities-to-territorial-states\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transition: Tribal Polities to Territorial States<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">54<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/transition-tribal-polities-to-territorial-states\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transition: Tribal Polities to Territorial States<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/later-vedic-society-and-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later Vedic Society and Economy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">55<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/monarchical-states-in-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monarchical States in Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/republican-states-gana-sanghas-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Republican States (Gana-Sanghas) \u2013 Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">56<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/monarchical-states-in-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monarchical States in Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/emergence-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">57<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/republican-states-gana-sanghas-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Republican States (Gana-Sanghas) \u2013 Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/monarchical-states-in-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monarchical States in Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">58<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agricultural-expansion-economic-changes-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agricultural Expansion &amp; Economic Changes \u2013 Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/second-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/impact-of-iron-technology-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impact of Iron Technology in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">59<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/second-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/indus-civilization-as-first-urbanization-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IVC as First Urbanization in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/jainism-buddhism-ajivikas-origins-teachings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jainism, Buddhism &amp; Ajivikas \u2013 Origins &amp; Teachings<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/emergence-of-heterodox-sects-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Heterodox Sects in India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/ashoka-policy-of-dhamma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ashoka&#8217;s Policy of Dhamma<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">61<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/emergence-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/geographical-advantages-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geographical Advantages of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/early-rulers-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Rulers of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">62<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/geographical-advantages-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geographical Advantages of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/natural-resources-and-economic-strength-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural Resources &amp; Economic Strength of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/reasons-for-success-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reasons for Success of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">63<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/natural-resources-and-economic-strength-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural Resources &amp; Economic Strength of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/geographical-advantages-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geographical Advantages of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/economic-policies-of-nandas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic Policies of the Nandas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">64<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/early-rulers-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Rulers of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/haryanka-dynasty-rise-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haryanka Dynasty \u2013 Rise of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/emergence-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">65<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/haryanka-dynasty-rise-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haryanka Dynasty \u2013 Rise of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-policy-of-bimbisara\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion Policy of Bimbisara<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/early-rulers-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Rulers of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">66<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-policy-of-bimbisara\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion Policy of Bimbisara<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/ajatashatru-military-reforms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ajatashatru \u2013 Military Reforms<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/haryanka-dynasty-rise-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haryanka Dynasty \u2013 Rise of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">67<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/ajatashatru-military-reforms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ajatashatru \u2013 Military Reforms<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/wars-of-ajatashatru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wars of Ajatashatru<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-policy-of-bimbisara\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion Policy of Bimbisara<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">68<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/wars-of-ajatashatru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wars of Ajatashatru<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/ajatashatru-military-reforms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ajatashatru \u2013 Military Reforms<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/udayin-establishment-of-pataliputra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Udayin &amp; Establishment of Pataliputra<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">69<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/udayin-establishment-of-pataliputra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Udayin &amp; Establishment of Pataliputra<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/wars-of-ajatashatru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wars of Ajatashatru<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/shishunaga-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shishunaga Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/shishunaga-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shishunaga Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/administrative-structure-of-shishunagas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administrative Structure of the Shishunagas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/nanda-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nanda Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">71<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/administrative-structure-of-shishunagas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administrative Structure of the Shishunagas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/shishunaga-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shishunaga Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/central-administration-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central Administration Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">72<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/nanda-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nanda Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mahapadma-nanda-imperial-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahapadma Nanda \u2013 Imperial Expansion<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/shishunaga-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shishunaga Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">73<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mahapadma-nanda-imperial-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahapadma Nanda \u2013 Imperial Expansion<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/military-strength-of-nandas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Military Strength of the Nandas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/nanda-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nanda Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/economic-policies-of-nandas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic Policies of the Nandas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/nanda-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nanda Dynasty<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/taxation-system-mauryan-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taxation System \u2013 Mauryan State<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">75<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/military-strength-of-nandas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Military Strength of the Nandas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mahapadma-nanda-imperial-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahapadma Nanda \u2013 Imperial Expansion<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/defeat-of-nandas-rise-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeat of Nandas &amp; Rise of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">76<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/reasons-for-success-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reasons for Success of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/geographical-advantages-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geographical Advantages of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/natural-resources-and-economic-strength-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural Resources &amp; Economic Strength of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">77<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mahajanapadas-to-empire-evolution-rise-of-magadha-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahajanapadas to Empire \u2013 Evolution &amp; Rise of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-mahajanapadas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Mahajanapadas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/emergence-of-magadha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of Magadha<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magadha<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">78<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mauryan-empire-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauryan Empire \u2013 Expansion<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-chandragupta-maurya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Chandragupta Maurya<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">79<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-chandragupta-maurya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Chandragupta Maurya<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/role-of-chanakya-in-rise-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role of Chanakya in Rise of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/defeat-of-nandas-rise-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeat of Nandas &amp; Rise of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/role-of-chanakya-in-rise-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role of Chanakya in Rise of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-chandragupta-maurya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Chandragupta Maurya<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/defeat-of-nandas-rise-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeat of Nandas &amp; Rise of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">81<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/defeat-of-nandas-rise-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeat of Nandas &amp; Rise of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/military-strength-of-nandas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Military Strength of the Nandas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/rise-of-chandragupta-maurya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rise of Chandragupta Maurya<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">82<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/chandragupta-maurya-seleucus-treaty-diplomacy-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chandragupta Maurya \u2013 Seleucus Treaty &amp; Diplomacy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/greek-accounts-on-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek Accounts on Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">83<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/chandragupta-maurya-seleucus-treaty-diplomacy-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chandragupta Maurya \u2013 Seleucus Treaty &amp; Diplomacy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/kalinga-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalinga War<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">84<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/administration-of-chandragupta-maurya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administration of Chandragupta Maurya<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/central-administration-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central Administration Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mauryan-bureaucracy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauryan Bureaucracy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">85<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/sources-for-mauryan-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources for Mauryan History<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/archaeological-sources-for-ugc-net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archaeological Sources for UGC NET<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/greek-accounts-on-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek Accounts on Ancient India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">86<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/central-administration-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central Administration Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/provincial-administration-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provincial Administration \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mauryan-bureaucracy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauryan Bureaucracy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">87<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/provincial-administration-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provincial Administration \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/local-administration-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Local Administration \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/central-administration-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central Administration Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">88<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/local-administration-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Local Administration \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/provincial-administration-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provincial Administration \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mauryan-bureaucracy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauryan Bureaucracy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 47px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">89<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mauryan-bureaucracy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauryan Bureaucracy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/central-administration-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central Administration Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/espionage-system-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Espionage System \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">90<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/espionage-system-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Espionage System \u2013 Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/mauryan-bureaucracy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauryan Bureaucracy<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/central-administration-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central Administration Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">91<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/ancient-india-trade-and-commerce\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient India \u2013 Trade and Commerce<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/trade-and-commerce-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade and Commerce Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agrarian-economy-mauryan-period-land-system-irrigation-taxation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrarian Economy \u2013 Mauryan Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">92<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agrarian-economy-mauryan-period-land-system-irrigation-taxation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrarian Economy \u2013 Mauryan Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/taxation-system-mauryan-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taxation System \u2013 Mauryan State<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/trade-and-commerce-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade and Commerce Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">93<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/trade-and-commerce-under-mauryas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade and Commerce Under Mauryas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/ancient-india-trade-and-commerce\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient India \u2013 Trade and Commerce<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agrarian-economy-mauryan-period-land-system-irrigation-taxation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrarian Economy \u2013 Mauryan Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">94<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/taxation-system-mauryan-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taxation System \u2013 Mauryan State<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/agrarian-economy-mauryan-period-land-system-irrigation-taxation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrarian Economy \u2013 Mauryan Period<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/economic-policies-of-nandas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic Policies of the Nandas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">95<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/kalinga-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalinga War<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/ashoka-policy-of-dhamma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ashoka&#8217;s Policy of Dhamma<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/expansion-of-mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expansion of Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">96<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/ashoka-policy-of-dhamma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ashoka&#8217;s Policy of Dhamma<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/nature-philosophy-dhamma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature &amp; Philosophy of Dhamma<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/history\/kalinga-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalinga War<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">97<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/nature-philosophy-dhamma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature &amp; Philosophy of Dhamma<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/ashoka-policy-of-dhamma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ashoka&#8217;s Policy of Dhamma<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net-notes\/jainism-buddhism-ajivikas-origins-teachings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jainism, Buddhism &amp; Ajivikas<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maurya<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Kingdoms in Deccan FAQs<\/b><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-24705 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-24705{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-24705 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-24705{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-24705.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-24705.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-24705.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-24705.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-24705.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1777287892\">\n<div id=\"sp-ea-24705\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\">\n\n\t<div id=\"eap-preloader-24705\" class=\"accordion-preloader\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247050\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247050\" aria-controls=\"collapse247050\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What are the Kingdoms in Deccan?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse247050\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247050\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0The Kingdoms in Deccan refer to the major dynasties that ruled the Deccan plateau region of India. These include the Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Later Chalukyas of Kalyani, Yadavas of Devagiri, Kakatiyas of Warangal, and Hoysalas. Each made unique contributions to politics, trade, art, and culture.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247051\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247051\" aria-controls=\"collapse247051\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Which was the first major kingdom in the Deccan? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247051\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247051\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Satavahanas were the first historically well-documented major kingdom of the Deccan. They ruled from around the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE, with their capital at Pratishthana (Paithan). They established trade links with Rome and patronized Buddhism.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247052\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247052\" aria-controls=\"collapse247052\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Who was the greatest ruler of the Deccan? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247052\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247052\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several rulers stand out: Gautamiputra Satakarni (Satavahanas), Pulakesi II (Chalukyas of Badami), and Amoghavarsha I (Rashtrakutas) are among the most celebrated. Pulakesi II's defeat of the mighty Harsha made him particularly famous in pan-Indian history.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247053\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247053\" aria-controls=\"collapse247053\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the significance of Ellora and Ajanta for Deccan history? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247053\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247053\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ajanta Caves represent the height of Buddhist art under Vakataka patronage. Ellora represents the pluralistic spirit of the Rashtrakuta era\u00a0 with Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain monuments existing side by side. Together, they are the greatest cultural treasures of the Deccan.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247054\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247054\" aria-controls=\"collapse247054\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What was the Kailasa Temple and who built it? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247054\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247054\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Kailasa Temple at Ellora (Cave 16) was built by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I in the 8th century CE. It is a monolithic rock-cut temple dedicated to Shiva, carved entirely out of a single hillside. It is one of the greatest architectural achievements in human history.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247055\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247055\" aria-controls=\"collapse247055\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Who was Rudrama Devi and why is she significant? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247055\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247055\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rudrama Devi was a Kakatiya queen who ruled in her own right from approximately 1262 to 1289 CE. She is one of the very few sovereign women rulers in medieval Indian history. She assumed male titles, led military campaigns, and even the Venetian traveler Marco Polo mentioned her in his accounts.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247056\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247056\" aria-controls=\"collapse247056\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What was the contribution of Deccan kingdoms to regional languages? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247056\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247056\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Deccan kingdoms were transformative for regional language development. The Satavahanas patronized Prakrit. The Rashtrakutas and Later Chalukyas promoted Kannada\u00a0 Amoghavarsha I wrote the first major Kannada literary criticism work. The Kakatiyas patronized Telugu literature. The Yadavas patronized Marathi\u00a0 the Dnyaneshwari was written in this period.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247057\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247057\" aria-controls=\"collapse247057\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the Hoysala architectural style? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247057\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247057\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hoysala style is characterized by star-shaped temple plans, intricate carvings on soft soapstone, horizontal decorative bands covering temple walls, and a distinctive turreted tower. Key examples include the Belur Chennakesava Temple, Halebidu Hoysaleshwara Temple, and Somanathapura Kesava Temple.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-247058\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse247058\" aria-controls=\"collapse247058\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How did the Deccan kingdoms fall? \t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse247058\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-24705\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-247058\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Deccan kingdoms were gradually weakened by mutual conflicts and then decisively ended by Delhi Sultanate invasions. Malik Kafur's raids (1296\u20131318 CE) destroyed the Yadavas and Kakatiyas. The Hoysalas fell to combined pressure from the Madurai Sultanate and early Vijayanagara forces. The Later Chalukyas were overcome by the Yadavas and <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{ \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are the Kingdoms in Deccan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"\u00a0The Kingdoms in Deccan refer to the major dynasties that ruled the Deccan plateau region of India. These include the Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Later Chalukyas of Kalyani, Yadavas of Devagiri, Kakatiyas of Warangal, and Hoysalas. 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It is one of the greatest architectural achievements in human history.\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who was Rudrama Devi and why is she significant? \", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rudrama Devi was a Kakatiya queen who ruled in her own right from approximately 1262 to 1289 CE. She is one of the very few sovereign women rulers in medieval Indian history. She assumed male titles, led military campaigns, and even the Venetian traveler Marco Polo mentioned her in his accounts.\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the contribution of Deccan kingdoms to regional languages? \", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Deccan kingdoms were transformative for regional language development. The Satavahanas patronized Prakrit. The Rashtrakutas and Later Chalukyas promoted Kannada\u00a0 Amoghavarsha I wrote the first major Kannada literary criticism work. The Kakatiyas patronized Telugu literature. 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The Later Chalukyas were overcome by the Yadavas and\" } }] }<\/script><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Kingdoms in Deccan form one of the most fascinating chapters in Indian history. Spread across the vast plateau region between the Vindhya mountains in the north and the river Krishna Tungabhadra in the south, the Deccan gave rise to some of the most powerful and culturally rich kingdoms that South Asia has ever seen. 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