{"id":30577,"date":"2026-07-24T18:51:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T13:21:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/?p=30577"},"modified":"2026-07-24T18:51:45","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T13:21:45","slug":"basic-sociology-concepts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/basic-sociology-concepts","title":{"rendered":"Basic Sociology Concepts: Meaning, Types, and Importance for UGC NET Sociology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding the <\/span><b>basic concepts of Sociology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the foundation for studying society, social behavior, and social institutions. Whether you are preparing for <\/span><b>UGC NET Sociology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or exploring the subject for the first time, knowing these core terms is essential because they appear repeatedly across different topics and units of the syllabus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, concepts such as <\/span><b>Values, Norms, Folkways, Mores, Sanctions, and Customs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are among the most frequently used sociological terms. A clear understanding of these concepts helps build a strong conceptual base for advanced topics in Sociology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article explains these fundamental sociological concepts, their meanings, differences, and importance for UGC NET Sociology preparation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\/sociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UGC NET Sociology Course<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>What Are Basic Sociology Concepts?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basic sociology concepts are fundamental ideas used to understand how individuals interact with society and how societies function. These concepts explain expected behavior, social rules, traditions, values, and everyday practices that shape social life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, these terms are used throughout Sociology and therefore should be understood before studying more advanced topics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"responsive-video-wrap clr\"><iframe title=\"UGC NET Sociology Dec 2026 | Basic Sociological Concepts Explained | Theory with PYQs Questions\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bJvVujdsS0g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some of the most important concepts include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Values<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Norms<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folkways<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mores<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanctions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/ugc-net-sociology-preparation-2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UGC NET Sociology Preparation Study Plan<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Why Are Basic Sociology Concepts Important?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These concepts provide the foundation for understanding social behavior and social relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, they are important because:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They appear across multiple Sociology topics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They help explain individual and group behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are frequently asked in UGC NET Sociology examinations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They make it easier to understand advanced sociological theories.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A strong understanding of these concepts helps candidates interpret questions more accurately during examinations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/ugc-net-sociology-notes-2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UGC NET Sociology Notes Handwritten<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Values<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Values refer to the beliefs and ideals that people consider desirable or important.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, values represent the qualities and behaviors that individuals believe should be encouraged within society.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/course-details\/MTc1NTUxMjU5NHw1Mzg=?utm_source=website_seo1&amp;utm_medium=blog1&amp;utm_campaign=study_planner1&amp;utm_id=seo_3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14802\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-300x75.webp\" alt=\"Study Planner\" width=\"985\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-300x75.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-1024x256.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-768x192.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-1536x384.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ai-owered-2048x512.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Examples of Values<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some examples mentioned in the session include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Honesty<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Respect<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Equality<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These values guide individual behavior and influence how people distinguish between desirable and undesirable actions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\/sociology\/atom-dec-2026-sociology-batch-paper-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATOM Dec 2026 Sociology Batch Paper 2<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><b>Key Characteristics of Values<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reflect desirable behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on personal beliefs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can vary from one individual to another.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Influence personal decision-making.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/ugc-net-sociology-syllabus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UGC NET Sociology Syllabus PDF Download<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Norms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Norms are the expected rules of behavior that members of a society are expected to follow.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike values, norms provide practical guidelines for everyday conduct.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, standing in a queue at a bank or thanking someone after receiving help are examples of expected social behavior discussed in the session.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/UGC-NET-Live-PYQ-Test-Series.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/UGC-NET-Live-PYQ-Test-Series.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Norms<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Expected rules of behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide social interactions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maintain order in society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Differ from one society to another.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/ugc-net\/ugc-net-sociology-previous-year-question-papers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>UGC NET Sociology Previous Year Question Papers<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Difference Between Values and Norms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although values and norms are closely related, they are not the same.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Values<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Norms<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Represent desirable beliefs and ideals<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Represent expected rules of behavior<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on individual beliefs<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on social expectations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May differ from one individual to another<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May differ from one society to another<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide what people consider good or desirable<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide how people are expected to behave<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, remembering this distinction is important for conceptual clarity and examination preparation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Folkways<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folkways are informal everyday customs and manners followed in daily life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These are common social practices that people generally follow without the fear of severe punishment if they are ignored.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session gives examples such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greeting others.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saying &#8220;Good Afternoon&#8221; or &#8220;Good Morning.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Washing hands before eating.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Following basic everyday manners.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These practices help maintain polite social interactions but are generally less strict than other social rules.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/courses\/ugc-net\/sociology\/atom-dec-2026-sociology-batch-paper-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATOM Dec 2026 Sociology Batch Paper 2<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Folkways<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Informal social practices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Everyday manners.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Less strict than moral rules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Usually not associated with severe punishment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Mores<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mores are strong moral norms that distinguish between right and wrong behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, mores are stricter than folkways because they involve moral values and ethical expectations within society.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examples include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theft.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fraud.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other actions considered morally wrong.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Violating mores is viewed more seriously because these rules are closely connected with society&#8217;s moral standards.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a style=\"font-size: 16px\" href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.govtjobs.alertapp&amp;utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=app_download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14807 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-1024x341.webp\" alt=\"App JRF Adda\" width=\"989\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-1024x341.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-300x100.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-768x256.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-900x300.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-620x207.webp 620w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app-400x133.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/JRF-Adda-in-your-pocket-app.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Mores<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concern right and wrong behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on moral values.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stronger than folkways.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Violations are taken seriously.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Difference Between Folkways and Mores<\/b><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Folkways<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Mores<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Informal everyday behavior<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong moral rules<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concern manners and customs<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concern right and wrong<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Less strict<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More strict<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Usually involve minor social disapproval<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May involve strong social condemnation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding this distinction is important because questions often compare these two concepts in Sociology examinations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Sanctions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanctions refer to the rewards or punishments associated with following or violating social rules.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, society encourages desirable behavior through rewards and discourages undesirable behavior through punishment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Types of Sanctions<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanctions may include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Appreciation for following social norms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rewards for desirable behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Punishment for violating rules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social disapproval for unacceptable conduct.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Customs<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customs are long-established traditions and practices that are followed across generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, many customs continue simply because they have been practiced for a long time within a community or family.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examples mentioned include traditional rituals and practices that are passed down from one generation to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Customs<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional practices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Passed down across generations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deeply rooted in society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reflect cultural continuity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Quick Revision Table<\/b><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Concept<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Simple Meaning<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Values<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Desirable beliefs and ideals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Norms<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Expected rules of behavior<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folkways<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Informal everyday manners<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mores<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong moral rules about right and wrong<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanctions<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rewards and punishments for behavior<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customs<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditions followed across generations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These six concepts form the foundation of Sociology and are essential for understanding many other topics covered in the UGC NET Sociology syllabus.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Social Group<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>social group<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a collection of two or more individuals who interact with one another and share a common identity, interest, or objective.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, people become a social group when they communicate regularly and have something in common. For example, students preparing for the UGC NET examination form a social group because they share a common goal and interact with each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/UGC-NET-Test-Series.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/UGC-NET-Test-Series.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of a Social Group<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Consists of two or more individuals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Members interact with one another.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shares common interests or goals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Develops a sense of belonging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Types of Social Groups<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session briefly introduces two common types of social groups:<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>Primary Group<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Primary groups are characterized by close, personal, and emotional relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Example:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Family<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Secondary Group<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Secondary groups involve formal, impersonal, and goal-oriented relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Examples:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Colleagues<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Office staff<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Professional groups<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Social Institution<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>social institution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to an organized system of rules, procedures, and norms that regulates important aspects of social life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, social institutions guide how individuals are expected to behave in different areas of society. They establish rules that help maintain order and continuity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Examples of Social Institutions<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session identifies several examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Family<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Religion<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Education<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caste<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each institution functions according to its own set of rules and expectations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Social Institutions<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on established rules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regulate social behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Help organize society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Continue across generations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Community<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a group of people living within a specific geographical area who share a sense of belonging and common social life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session explains that the key feature of a community is a <\/span><b>fixed locality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. People living together in a particular village or locality often share common interests, traditions, and everyday interactions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of a Community<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fixed geographical area.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shared way of life.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sense of belonging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common social relationships.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Examples<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Village communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urban neighbourhoods.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Local settlements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Difference Between Social Group and Community<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although both involve interaction among people, they differ in important ways.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Social Group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Community<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on interaction and common identity<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on interaction within a fixed locality<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Members may live in different places<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Members generally share the same geographical area<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common goals or interests<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common life and locality<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, a community must have a specific locality, whereas a social group may exist without members living in the same place.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Association<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An <\/span><b>association<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a group of individuals who voluntarily come together to achieve a specific objective.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session emphasizes that associations are formed for a <\/span><b>particular purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and people join them voluntarily rather than by birth or compulsion.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of an Association<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formed voluntarily.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Created for a specific purpose.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Goal-oriented.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May be temporary or permanent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Examples<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clubs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trade unions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Professional organizations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Organization<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An <\/span><b>organization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a formally structured group that operates according to established rules, responsibilities, and hierarchy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, organizations have formal procedures that define how members perform their duties and interact with one another.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of an Organization<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formal structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Defined hierarchy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rules and regulations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Assigned responsibilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Examples<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Government offices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Companies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Power<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power refers to the ability of an individual or group to influence or control the behavior of others.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session explains that power allows people to affect decisions and influence social actions in different settings, including politics, families, and workplaces.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Power<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ability to influence others.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exists in different social settings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can affect decision-making.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May or may not be legally recognized.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Prestige<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prestige refers to the respect, honour, or social recognition that an individual receives because of their achievements or social position.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, teachers, scholars, and professionals often receive prestige due to their role and contribution to society.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Prestige<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on social respect.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Linked with achievements or position.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varies across societies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reflects social reputation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Wealth<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wealth refers to the economic resources and material possessions owned by an individual.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, wealth includes income, property, land, and other assets that contribute to an individual&#8217;s economic status.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Examples of Wealth<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Land<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Property<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Income<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Financial assets<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Authority<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Authority is the legitimate exercise of power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session highlights that <\/span><b>Max Weber<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> distinguished <\/span><b>authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from <\/span><b>power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the basis of <\/span><b>legitimacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Authority is accepted because it is exercised according to recognized rules or social approval, whereas power may exist without such legitimacy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Difference Between Power and Authority<\/b><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Power<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Authority<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ability to influence others<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legitimate use of power<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May not be legally accepted<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on legitimacy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can exist without official approval<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Socially or legally recognized<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Max Weber&#8217;s Types of Authority<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, Max Weber classified authority into three types.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. Traditional Authority<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional authority is inherited through customs or long-established traditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Example:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A ruler succeeding another ruler by inheritance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>2. Legal-Rational Authority<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legal-rational authority is granted according to laws, rules, and formal procedures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Examples:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Police officers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Civil servants.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Government officials.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>3. Charismatic Authority<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Charismatic authority arises from an individual&#8217;s exceptional personality, leadership qualities, or influence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session refers to leaders who gain public support because of their personal qualities rather than legal position or family background.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Quick Revision Table<\/b><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Concept<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Simple Meaning<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Group<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">People interacting with a common identity or goal<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Institution<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Organized system of social rules<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Community<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Group living in a fixed locality<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Association<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voluntary group formed for a specific purpose<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Organization<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formal structure with rules and hierarchy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ability to influence others<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prestige<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Respect or social honour<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wealth<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic resources and property<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Authority<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legitimate exercise of power<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These concepts are frequently used throughout Sociology and provide the foundation for understanding social structures, institutions, and relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Status<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Sociology, <\/span><b>status<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to the position or rank that an individual occupies in society.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, every person holds different statuses in life. For example, a teacher has the status of an educator, while a student holds the status of a learner. These positions help define an individual&#8217;s place within society.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Types of Status<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session explains two major types of status.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. Ascribed Status<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ascribed status is assigned to an individual by birth and does not depend on personal effort.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Examples:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caste<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Religion<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Family background<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>2. Achieved Status<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Achieved status is earned through an individual&#8217;s own efforts, abilities, or accomplishments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Examples:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Teacher<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Professor<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Civil servant<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Key Points<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Status defines a person&#8217;s social position.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It may be acquired by birth or earned through achievement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One individual can hold multiple statuses simultaneously.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Role<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>role<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to the responsibilities, duties, and expected behavior associated with a particular status.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, once a person occupies a specific status, society expects them to perform certain functions related to that position. For instance, a teacher is expected to teach students, prepare lessons, and evaluate examinations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of a Role<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Connected with status.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Defines expected behavior.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Changes according to social situations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Helps society function smoothly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Difference Between Status and Role<\/b><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Status<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Role<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Position occupied in society<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duties performed according to that position<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Represents social identity<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Represents expected behavior<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can be ascribed or achieved<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Changes according to responsibilities<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding this distinction is important because questions frequently compare these two concepts in Sociology examinations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Caste<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, <\/span><b>caste<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a social system in which membership is determined by birth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session highlights several important features of caste:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Birth-based membership.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fixed social position.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Difficult to change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Associated with ideas of purity and pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These characteristics distinguish caste from other forms of social classification.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Class<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>class<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to a group of people who share a similar economic position.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike caste, the session explains that class is not fixed and can change over time through education, occupation, income, and economic mobility.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Examples of Social Class<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Upper class<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Middle class<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lower class<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Difference Between Caste and Class<\/b><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Caste<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Class<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on birth<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on economic position<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fixed social status<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can change over time<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Membership generally remains unchanged<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mobility is possible<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hereditary<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Achievement and income can influence class<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Race<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, <\/span><b>race<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to groups distinguished by biological and physical characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examples include differences in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Skin colour<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hair characteristics<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other inherited physical features<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These characteristics are biological rather than cultural.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Ethnicity<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ethnicity refers to a group of people who share a common cultural identity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, members of an ethnic group often have common traditions, language, customs, or cultural heritage that distinguish them from other groups.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Ethnicity<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shared culture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common traditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shared identity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cultural belonging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Tribe<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>tribe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is described in the session as an indigenous social group with its own customs, traditions, language, and territory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditionally, tribal communities have maintained distinct social and cultural identities and often lived separately from the mainstream society.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Characteristics of Tribes<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indigenous communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Distinct customs and traditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Separate cultural identity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common territory.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Sex and Gender<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session emphasizes that <\/span><b>sex<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>gender<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are different concepts and should not be treated as interchangeable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Sex<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females and is determined by birth.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Gender<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gender refers to the social roles, expectations, and behaviours that society associates with masculinity and femininity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, these expectations are socially created and vary across societies and cultures.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Difference Between Sex and Gender<\/b><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Sex<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Gender<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological concept<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social concept<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Determined by birth<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shaped by society<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on physical characteristics<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on social expectations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Generally constant<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can vary across societies<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Summary of Basic Sociology Concepts<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The following table provides a quick revision of all the concepts discussed in this article.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Concept<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Meaning<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Values<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Desirable beliefs and ideals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Norms<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Expected rules of behaviour<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folkways<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Informal everyday customs<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mores<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong moral norms<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanctions<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rewards and punishments<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customs<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditions followed across generations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Group<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Individuals sharing interaction and common goals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Institution<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Organized system of rules<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Community<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Group living in a fixed locality<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Association<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voluntary group formed for a common purpose<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Organization<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formal institution with hierarchy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ability to influence others<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prestige<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social respect and honour<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wealth<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic resources and property<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Authority<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legitimate use of power<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Status<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Position occupied in society<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Role<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duties associated with status<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caste<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Birth-based social system<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Class<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic grouping<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Race<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological classification<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ethnicity<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shared cultural identity<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribe<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indigenous cultural community<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sex<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological identity<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gender<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Socially constructed identity<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>UGC NET Sociology Preparation Tips<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, candidates should focus on understanding the meanings and differences between these concepts rather than simply memorizing definitions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pay special attention to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Values vs Norms<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Folkways vs Mores<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Group vs Community<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caste vs Class<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Power vs Authority<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Status vs Role<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sex vs Gender<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These comparisons are commonly tested through conceptual and matching questions in UGC NET Sociology.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basic Sociology concepts provide the foundation for understanding society, culture, institutions, and social relationships. Concepts such as <\/span><b>Values, Norms, Folkways, Mores, Status, Role, Caste, Class, Authority, Community, and Gender<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are used throughout Sociology and are essential for developing conceptual clarity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flipkart.com\/ugc-net-general-paper-1-hand-written-book-jrfadda-notes-aditi-ma-m\/p\/itm494f814128b46\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14809 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-1024x341.webp\" alt=\"JRF Adda Book\" width=\"1024\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-1024x341.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-300x100.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-768x256.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-900x300.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-620x207.webp 620w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2-400x133.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/book-banner-2.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Basic Sociology Concepts FAQs<\/b><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-30581 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-30581{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-30581 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-30581{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-30581.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-30581.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-30581.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-30581.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-30581.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1784899062\"><div id=\"sp-ea-30581\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div id=\"eap-preloader-30581\" class=\"accordion-preloader\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/><\/div><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-305810\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse305810\" aria-controls=\"collapse305810\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What are basic sociology concepts?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse305810\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-30581\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-305810\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basic sociology concepts are the fundamental ideas used to understand society, social behaviour, institutions, and human interactions.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-305811\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse305811\" aria-controls=\"collapse305811\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Why are values and norms important in Sociology?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse305811\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-30581\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-305811\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Values express what is considered desirable, while norms define the expected rules of behaviour in society.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-305812\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse305812\" aria-controls=\"collapse305812\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the difference between caste and class?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse305812\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-30581\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-305812\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the session, caste is determined by birth and is generally fixed, whereas class is based on economic position and can change over time.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-305813\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse305813\" aria-controls=\"collapse305813\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How does Max Weber distinguish authority from power?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse305813\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-30581\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-305813\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session explains that Max Weber differentiates authority from power based on <\/span><\/i><b><i>legitimacy<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Authority is the legitimate exercise of power.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-305814\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse305814\" aria-controls=\"collapse305814\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Why should UGC NET aspirants study these concepts?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse305814\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-30581\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-305814\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These concepts form the foundation of Sociology and appear frequently across different units and examination questions.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{ \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"@id\": \"sp-ea-schema-30581-6a63ab6474f4a\", \"mainEntity\": [{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are basic sociology concepts?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"<i>Basic sociology concepts are the fundamental ideas used to understand society, social behaviour, institutions, and human interactions.<\/i>\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why are values and norms important in Sociology?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"<i>Values express what is considered desirable, while norms define the expected rules of behaviour in society.<\/i>\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between caste and class?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"<i>According to the session, caste is determined by birth and is generally fixed, whereas class is based on economic position and can change over time.<\/i>\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does Max Weber distinguish authority from power?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"<i>The session explains that Max Weber differentiates authority from power based on<\/i><b><i>legitimacy<\/i><\/b><i>. Authority is the legitimate exercise of power.<\/i>\" } },{ \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why should UGC NET aspirants study these concepts?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"<i>These concepts form the foundation of Sociology and appear frequently across different units and examination questions.<\/i>\" } }] }<\/script><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understanding the basic concepts of Sociology is the foundation for studying society, social behavior, and social institutions. Whether you are preparing for UGC NET Sociology or exploring the subject for the first time, knowing these core terms is essential because they appear repeatedly across different topics and units of the syllabus. According to the session, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":30578,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[1908],"class_list":["post-30577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ugc-net","tag-basic-sociology-concepts","entry","has-media"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30577"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30582,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30577\/revisions\/30582"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jrfadda.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}